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《疯狂猜成语》答案攻略：一匹流汗的马和一副弓箭
出处：4399
人气：4944
核心提示：在疯狂猜成语中有一关是，一匹流汗的马和一副弓箭。这一关稍微有点难度，大部分的玩家都没猜出来。那答案到底是什么呢?下面小编就来告诉你吧!还等什么?赶紧跟随小编一起往下看看吧!精彩不容错过哦。
　　在疯狂猜成语中有一关是，一匹流汗的马和一副弓箭。这一关稍微有点难度，大部分的玩家都没猜出来。那答案到底是什么呢?下面小编就来告诉你吧!还等什么?赶紧跟随小编一起往下看看吧!精彩不容错过哦
　　疯狂猜成语 一匹流汗的马和一副弓箭的答案是什么成语?
　　答案：汗马功劳
　　【解释】：汗马：将士骑的马奔驰出汗，比喻征战劳苦。指在战场上建立战功。现指辛勤工作做出的贡献。
　　【出自】：《韩非子?五蠹》：“弃私家之事，而必汗马之劳。”
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Of Study&br&论读书。&br&不管是中文版，还是英文版都值得背下来。&br&最主要是作者深得我心。&br&&br&芝士就是力量，法国就是培根。
Of Study 论读书。 不管是中文版，还是英文版都值得背下来。 最主要是作者深得我心。 芝士就是力量，法国就是培根。
抵抗天赋的诱惑(记贝索斯在普林斯顿大学2010年学士毕业典礼上的演讲) &br&&br&我非常喜欢的一篇演讲 &br&&br&&br&附内容～&br&&br&&br&我一直相信每一个人都有自己的天赋，每一个人的存在都代表着宇宙空间中的一种唯一，然而令我经常都在深思的是，既然我们都是这样的独特，又为何偏偏要去模仿和畸变成拥有同类“基因”的人呢？为什么我们中的很多人都不愿意去追逐属于自己的理想，或者不能为此奋斗一生呢，抑或者一生都是在自欺欺人的辩解？在Randy的The Last Lecture中我深深的感受到了一个人追逐自己最初理想的意义会变得如此的伟大，充满的是一种人生最大的和最根本的价值。一直在想这样的一个问题，当社会尚且艰难，生活尚且苦难的日子里都有如此多人在追逐属于自己梦想的时候；在一个生活舒适，物质条件优越的年代我们竟然不知所措的迷失掉自己的方向，找不到自己前行的路。这是多么可悲和可笑的一种境况！我们，有了更高的天赋，有了更好的环境，却因为有更多的选择而抹杀了我们自己的梦...这确实让人觉得不可思议！&br&&br&我相信每个人都有自己最初的梦想，在这样的一个年代，在这样一个至少没有饥寒交迫的时代，我坚信追逐自己理想的人会获得生命尽头最高贵的礼物和人生最大的价值！&br&&br&记：在一个可以实现最初梦想的时代选择不可以的沉默必将是这个时代最损失的损失，也必将是生活在这个时代的人最遗憾的遗憾...&br&&br&附：&br&&br&抵抗天赋的诱惑（贝索斯在普林斯顿大学2010年学士毕业典礼上的演讲）&br&&br&中文译稿：&br&&br&在我还是一个孩子的时候，我的夏天总是在德州祖父母的农场中度过。我帮忙修理风车，为牛接种疫苗，也做其它家务。每天下午，我们都会看肥皂剧，尤其是《我们的岁月》。我的祖父母参加了一个房车俱乐部，那是一群驾驶Airstream拖挂型房车的人们，他们结伴遍游美国和加拿大。每隔几个夏天，我也会加入他们。我们把房车挂在祖父的小汽车后面，然后加入300余名Airstream探险者们组成的浩荡队伍。&br&&br&我爱我的祖父母，我崇敬他们，也真心期盼这些旅程。那是一次我大概十岁时的旅行，我照例坐在后座的长椅上，祖父开着车，祖母坐在他旁边，吸着烟。我讨厌烟味。&br&&br&在那样的年纪，我会找任何借口做些估测或者小算术。我会计算油耗还有杂货花销等鸡毛蒜皮的小事。我听过一个有关吸烟的广告。我记不得细节了，但是广告大意是说，每吸一口香烟会减少几分钟的寿命，大概是两分钟。无论如何，我决定为祖母做个算术。我估测了祖母每天要吸几支香烟，每支香烟要吸几口等等，然后心满意足地得出了一个合理的数字。接着，我捅了捅坐在前面的祖母的头，又拍了拍她的肩膀，然后骄傲地宣称，“每天吸两分钟的烟，你就少活九年!”&br&&br&我清晰地记得接下来发生了什么，而那是我意料之外的。我本期待着小聪明和算术技巧能赢得掌声，但那并没有发生。相反，我的祖母哭泣起来。我的祖父之前一直在默默开车，把车停在了路边，走下车来，打开了我的车门，等着我跟他下车。我惹麻烦了吗?我的祖父是一个智慧而安静的人。他从来没有对我说过严厉的话，难道这会是第一次?还是他会让我回到车上跟祖母道歉?我以前从未遇到过这种状况，因而也无从知晓会有什么后果发生。我们在房车旁停下来。祖父注视着我，沉默片刻，然后轻轻地、平静地说：“杰夫，有一天你会明白，善良比聪明更难。”&br&&br&选择比天赋更重要&br&&br&今天我想对你们说的是，天赋和选择不同。聪明是一种天赋，而善良是一种选择。天赋得来很容易——毕竟它们与生俱来。而选择则颇为不易。如果一不小心，你可能被天赋所诱惑，这可能会损害到你做出的选择。&br&&br&在座各位都拥有许多天赋。我确信你们的天赋之一就是拥有精明能干的头脑。之所以如此确信，是因为入学竞争十分激烈，如果你们不能表现出聪明智慧，便没有资格进入这所学校。&br&&br&你们的聪明才智必定会派上用场，因为你们将在一片充满奇迹的土地上行进。我们人类，尽管跬步前行，却终将令自己大吃一惊。我们能够想方设法制造清洁能源，也能够一个原子一个原子地组装微型机械，使之穿过细胞壁，然后修复细胞。这个月，有一个异常而不可避免的事情发生了——人类终于合成了生命。在未来几年，我们不仅会合成生命，还会按说明书驱动它们。我相信你们甚至会看到我们理解人类的大脑，儒勒·凡尔纳，马克·吐温，伽利略，牛顿——所有那些充满好奇之心的人都希望能够活到现在。作为文明人，我们会拥有如此之多的天赋，就像是坐在我面前的你们，每一个生命个体都拥有许多独特的天赋。&br&&br&你们要如何运用这些天赋呢?你们会为自己的天赋感到骄傲，还是会为自己的选择感到骄傲?&br&&br&追随自己内心的热情&br&&br&16年前，我萌生了创办亚马逊的想法。彼时我面对的现实是互联网使用量以每年2300%的速度增长，我从未看到或听说过任何增长如此快速的东西。创建涵盖几百万种书籍的网上书店的想法令我兴奋异常，因为这个东西在物理世界里根本无法存在。那时我刚刚30岁，结婚才一年。&br&&br&我告诉妻子MacKenzie想辞去工作，然后去做这件疯狂的事情，很可能会失败，因为大部分创业公司都是如此，而且我不确定那之后会发生什么。MacKenzie告诉我，我应该放手一搏。在我还是一个男孩儿的时候，我是车库发明家。我曾用水泥填充的轮胎、雨伞和锡箔以及报警器制作了一个自动关门器。我一直想做一个发明家，MacKenzie支持我追随内心的热情。&br&&br&我当时在纽约一家金融公司工作，同事是一群非常聪明的人，我的老板也很有智慧，我很羡慕他。我告诉我的老板我想开办一家在网上卖书的公司。他带我在中央公园漫步良久，认真地听我讲完，最后说：“听起来真是一个很好的主意，但是对那些目前没有谋到一份好工作的人来说，这个主意会更好。”&br&&br&这一逻辑对我而言颇有道理，他说服我在最终作出决定之前再考虑48小时。那样想来，这个决定确实很艰难，但是最终，我决定拼一次。我认为自己不会为尝试过后的失败而遗憾，倒是有所决定但完全不付诸行动会一直煎熬着我。在深思熟虑之后，我选择了那条不安全的道路，去追随我内心的热情。我为那个决定感到骄傲。&br&&br&明天，非常现实地说，你们从零塑造自己人生的时代即将开启。&br&&br&你们会如何运用自己的天赋?你们又会作出怎样的抉择?&br&&br&你们是被惯性所引导，还是追随自己内心的热情?&br&&br&你们会墨守陈规，还是勇于创新?&br&&br&你们会选择安逸的生活，还是选择一个奉献与冒险的人生?&br&&br&你们会屈从于批评，还是会坚守信念?&br&&br&你们会掩饰错误，还是会坦诚道歉?&br&&br&你们会因害怕拒绝而掩饰内心，还是会在面对爱情时勇往直前?&br&&br&你们想要波澜不惊，还是想要搏击风浪?&br&&br&你们会在严峻的现实之下选择放弃，还是会义无反顾地前行?&br&&br&你们要做愤世嫉俗者，还是踏实的建设者?&br&&br&你们要不计一切代价地展示聪明，还是选择善良?&br&&br&我要做一个预测：在你们80岁时某个追忆往昔的时刻，只有你一个人静静对内心诉说着你的人生故事，其中最为充实、最有意义的那段讲述，会被你们作出的一系列决定所填满。最后，是选择塑造了我们的人生。为你自己塑造一个伟大的人生故事。&br&&br&谢谢，祝你们好运!&br&&br&英文原稿：&br&&br&&We are What We Choose&&br&Remarks by Jeff Bezos, as delivered to the Class of 2010&br&Baccalaureate&br&May 30, 2010&br&&br&As a kid, I spent my summers with my grandparents on their ranch in Texas. I helped fix windmills, vaccinate cattle, and do other chores. We also watched soap operas every afternoon, especially &Days of our Lives.& My grandparents belonged to a Caravan Club, a group of Airstream trailer owners who travel together around the U.S. and Canada. And every few summers, we'd join the caravan. We'd hitch up the Airstream trailer to my grandfather's car, and off we'd go, in a line with 300 other Airstream adventurers. I loved and worshipped my grandparents and I really looked forward to these trips. On one particular trip, I was about 10 years old. I was rolling around in the big bench seat in the back of the car. My grandfather was driving. And my grandmother had the passenger seat. She smoked throughout these trips, and I hated the smell.&br&&br&At that age, I'd take any excuse to make estimates and do minor arithmetic. I'd calculate our gas mileage -- figure out useless statistics on things like grocery spending. I'd been hearing an ad campaign about smoking. I can't remember the details, but basically the ad said, every puff of a cigarette takes some number of minutes off of your life: I think it might have been two minutes per puff. At any rate, I decided to do the math for my grandmother. I estimated the number of cigarettes per days, estimated the number of puffs per cigarette and so on. When I was satisfied that I'd come up with a reasonable number, I poked my head into the front of the car, tapped my grandmother on the shoulder, and proudly proclaimed, &At two minutes per puff, you've taken nine years off your life!&&br&&br&I have a vivid memory of what happened, and it was not what I expected. I expected to be applauded for my cleverness and arithmetic skills. &Jeff, you're so smart. You had to have made some tricky estimates, figure out the number of minutes in a year and do some division.& That's not what happened. Instead, my grandmother burst into tears. I sat in the backseat and did not know what to do. While my grandmother sat crying, my grandfather, who had been driving in silence, pulled over onto the shoulder of the highway. He got out of the car and came around and opened my door and waited for me to follow. Was I in trouble? My grandfather was a highly intelligent, quiet man. He had never said a harsh word to me, and maybe this was to be the first time? Or maybe he would ask that I get back in the car and apologize to my grandmother. I had no experience in this realm with my grandparents and no way to gauge what the consequences might be. We stopped beside the trailer. My grandfather looked at me, and after a bit of silence, he gently and calmly said, &Jeff, one day you'll understand that it's harder to be kind than clever.&&br&&br&What I want to talk to you about today is the difference between gifts and choices. Cleverness is a gift, kindness is a choice. Gifts are easy -- they're given after all. Choices can be hard. You can seduce yourself with your gifts if you're not careful, and if you do, it'll probably be to the detriment of your choices.&br&&br&This is a group with many gifts. I'm sure one of your gifts is the gift of a smart and capable brain. I'm confident that's the case because admission is competitive and if there weren't some signs that you're clever, the dean of admission wouldn't have let you in.&br&&br&Your smarts will come in handy because you will travel in a land of marvels. We humans -- plodding as we are -- will astonish ourselves. We'll invent ways to generate clean energy and a lot of it. Atom by atom, we'll assemble tiny machines that will enter cell walls and make repairs. This month comes the extraordinary but also inevitable news that we've synthesized life. In the coming years, we'll not only synthesize it, but we'll engineer it to specifications. I believe you'll even see us understand the human brain. Jules Verne, Mark Twain, Galileo, Newton -- all the curious from the ages would have wanted to be alive most of all right now. As a civilization, we will have so many gifts, just as you as individuals have so many individual gifts as you sit before me.&br&&br&How will you use these gifts? And will you take pride in your gifts or pride in your choices?&br&&br&I got the idea to start Amazon 16 years ago. I came across the fact that Web usage was growing at 2,300 percent per year. I'd never seen or heard of anything that grew that fast, and the idea of building an online bookstore with millions of titles -- something that simply couldn't exist in the physical world -- was very exciting to me. I had just turned 30 years old, and I'd been married for a year. I told my wife MacKenzie that I wanted to quit my job and go do this crazy thing that probably wouldn't work since most startups don't, and I wasn't sure what would happen after that. MacKenzie (also a Princeton grad and sitting here in the second row) told me I should go for it. As a young boy, I'd been a garage inventor. I'd invented an automatic gate closer out of cement-filled tires, a solar cooker that didn't work very well out of an umbrella and tinfoil, baking-pan alarms to entrap my siblings. I'd always wanted to be an inventor, and she wanted me to follow my passion.&br&&br&I was working at a financial firm in New York City with a bunch of very smart people, and I had a brilliant boss that I much admired. I went to my boss and told him I wanted to start a company selling books on the Internet. He took me on a long walk in Central Park, listened carefully to me, and finally said, &That sounds like a really good idea, but it would be an even better idea for someone who didn't already have a good job.& That logic made some sense to me, and he convinced me to think about it for 48 hours before making a final decision. Seen in that light, it really was a difficult choice, but ultimately, I decided I had to give it a shot. I didn't think I'd regret trying and failing. And I suspected I would always be haunted by a decision to not try at all. After much consideration, I took the less safe path to follow my passion, and I'm proud of that choice.&br&&br&Tomorrow, in a very real sense, your life -- the life you author from scratch on your own -- begins.&br&&br&How will you use your gifts? What choices will you make?&br&&br&Will inertia be your guide, or will you follow your passions?&br&&br&Will you follow dogma, or will you be original?&br&&br&Will you choose a life of ease, or a life of service and adventure?&br&&br&Will you wilt under criticism, or will you follow your convictions?&br&&br&Will you bluff it out when you're wrong, or will you apologize?&br&&br&Will you guard your heart against rejection, or will you act when you fall in love?&br&&br&Will you play it safe, or will you be a little bit swashbuckling?&br&&br&When it's tough, will you give up, or will you be relentless?&br&&br&Will you be a cynic, or will you be a builder?&br&&br&Will you be clever at the expense of others, or will you be kind?&br&&br&I will hazard a prediction. When you are 80 years old, and in a quiet moment of reflection narrating for only yourself the most personal version of your life story, the telling that will be most compact and meaningful will be the series of choices you have made. In the end, we are our choices. Build yourself a great story. Thank you and good luck!
抵抗天赋的诱惑(记贝索斯在普林斯顿大学2010年学士毕业典礼上的演讲) 我非常喜欢的一篇演讲 附内容～ 我一直相信每一个人都有自己的天赋，每一个人的存在都代表着宇宙空间中的一种唯一，然而令我经常都在深思的是，既然我们都是这样的独特，又为何偏偏要去…
&p&很多答案推荐的文章都很好，诸如Youth, 葛底斯堡演讲，肯尼迪就职演说等等，能够熟读背诵当然不错。&/p&&p&不过，我个人倒是认为其实大家的英文课本的文章就是很好的朗诵和熟读的材料。毕竟许多文章都是教材编者集体挑出来的，里面的词汇和句型也都是值得反复学习的。&/p&&p&无论是什么材料，其实学习次数多了，透了，成了学习者的一部分，便是好的材料。附上前面说到的几篇的音频：&/p&&p&&a href=&//link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzIzNDM0Njg4Nw%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D012b5ebe76c7b1a165ce%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&Youth&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&/p&&p&&a href=&//link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzIzNDM0Njg4Nw%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D65ca42f5182266acf31d309c36e6f2f8%26chksm%3De8f685c7df810cd1116bebec87b5b606beee21f3e3c737d395bd6c9f%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&众明星朗读《独立宣言》&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&/p&&p&&a href=&//link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzIzNDM0Njg4Nw%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D07d1c2d5a4b%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&What I Have Lived For&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&/p&&p&&a href=&//link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzIzNDM0Njg4Nw%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3D93e4cdd39fa%26chksm%3De8f688b6dfbaeafabdafadc84cae9310%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&林肯：葛底斯堡演讲&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&/p&&p&&a href=&//link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//mp.weixin.qq.com/s%3F__biz%3DMzIzNDM0Njg4Nw%3D%3D%26mid%3D%26idx%3D1%26sn%3Da8acf22e72b8c7d6f228fff%26chksm%3De8f686bbdf810fad98dde39f66acfa19deb076ce9eca98cda5cb7a4ab%26scene%3D21%23wechat_redirect& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&抖森朗诵名人书信&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&/p&&p&关于英语学习及大学生活的更多话题，请关注&b&“与外语沾边”&/b&。&/p&
很多答案推荐的文章都很好，诸如Youth, 葛底斯堡演讲，肯尼迪就职演说等等，能够熟读背诵当然不错。不过，我个人倒是认为其实大家的英文课本的文章就是很好的朗诵和熟读的材料。毕竟许多文章都是教材编者集体挑出来的，里面的词汇和句型也都是值得反复学习…
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. &br&&br&Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. &br&But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that…
&p&&u&&b&评论里有人要求增加几篇，我把Born to win 的那三十篇文章链接放在下面，有需要的可以下载.&/b&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&strong&&a href=&//link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//pan.baidu.com/s/1bRgR0M& class=& external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&&span class=&invisible&&http://&/span&&span class=&visible&&pan.baidu.com/s/1bRgR0M&/span&&span class=&invisible&&&/span&&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&&/strong&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&strong&在平时的英语阅读过程中，我偏爱文风华丽而又不失思想性的文章（颜值高还有脑子简直无敌）。文风华丽不在于甩出多少艰深晦涩的“高级词汇”，让读者不明觉厉；也不是为了炫技而刻意地嵌套了多少复杂的句型。好的文章要做到通顺畅达，用英语说就是“just keep it flow”，文字要丝滑地流淌出来。（哈哈，德芙广告附体）&/strong&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&strong&
好的文章同时还要具备思想性，或能启迪读者的思考，或能给读者信念。（虽然这样的文章难免被鸡汤化）&/strong&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&strong&
基于以上两点，我分享两篇文章，和大家一起品味欣赏。&/strong&&/u&&/p&&p&&u&&strong&
第一篇：来自西方神秘财团洛克菲勒家族的家训。这篇文章流露出西方资本主义家族无比高尚的人格信条，每一句都是座右铭级别的金句，大部分内容在抒情，稍显空洞，但是用词方面很有水准，词汇难度不超过大学英语六级，却字字珠玑，简单易学，特别适合背诵。&/strong&&/u&&/p&&p&Our family creed&/p&&p&They are the principles on which my wife and I have tried to bring up my family. They are the principles in which my father believed, and by which he governed his life. They are the principles, many of them, which I learned at my mother's knee. &/p&&p&They point the way to usefulness and happiness in life , to courage and peace in death.&/p&&p&If they mean to you what they mean to me, they may perhaps be helpful also to our sons for their guidance and inspiration.&/p&&p&Let me state them:&/p&&p&I believe in the supreme worth of the individual and his right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.&/p&&p&I believe that
every right implies a responsibility, every opportunity, an obligation, every possession, a duty.&/p&&p&I believe that the law was made for the man, but not man for the law. The government is the servant of the people, but not their master.&/p&&p&I believe in the dignity of the labor, whether with head or hand. That the world owns no man a living, but that it owns every man an opportunity to make a living.&/p&&p&I believe that thrift is essential to well-ordered living and economy is a prime requisite of sound financial structure, whether in government, business or personal affairs.&/p&&p&I believe that truth and justice are fundamental to an enduring social order.&/p&&p&I believe in the sacredness of a promise, that a man's word should be as good as his bond, that character- not wealth, power and position- is of supreme worth.&/p&&p&I believe that the rendering of useful service is the common duty of mankind, that only in the purifying fire of sacrifice is the dross of selfishness consumed and the greatness of the human soul set free.&/p&&p&I believe in an all-wise and all-loving god, named by whatever name, and that the individual's highest fulfillment, greatest happiness and widest usefulness are to be found in living in harmony with his will.&/p&&p&I believe that love is the greatest thing in the world, that it alone can overcome hate, that right can and will triumph over might.&/p&&p&These are the principles, however formulated, for which all good men and women throughout the world, irrespective of race or creed, education, social position or occupation, are standing, and for which many of them are suffering and dying.&/p&&p&These are the principles upon which alone a new world recognizing the brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of god can be established.&/p&&p&这些信条是我和夫人持家育子所依据的原则，是父亲深信不移并据以立身处世的信念，其中很多也是母亲对我的谆谆教诲。这些信条告诉人们如何快乐而有所作为地活着，也告诉人们如何勇敢而安详地面对死亡。如果这些信条对大家也同样适用，它们或许也能让我们的子女从中得到指引和鼓舞。这些信条我陈述如下：我相信，个人拥有无上的价值，拥有生存、自由和追求幸福的权利。我相信，每一项权利都伴随着一种职责；每一个机会都伴随着一份义务；每一次拥有都伴随着一种责任。我相信，法律为人而制，而非人为法律而生；政府是人民的公仆，而非人民的主人。我相信，无论体力劳动还是脑力劳动都是高尚的；世界不会让人不劳而获，而会给人—次谋生的机会。我相信，无论在政府、商业还是个人事务中，勤俭节约都是合理安排生活之基本要素，而经济适用是健全的金融机制之必需。我相信，真理和正义是任何一个长治久安的社会秩序之基础。我相信，承诺是神圣的；我也相信，假如人的言语能和契约同样可靠，那么这种品质—而非财富、权势与身份地位——就具有至高无上的价值。我相信，人类共同的职责是有用地服务社会；只有在自我牺牲的炼火中，自私的沉渣才会被焚为灰烬，人类灵魂中的伟大情操才会显现。我相信，有一位无所不知、大慈大悲的上帝存在——尽管人们对他的称呼各不相同；人们能在与他的意志相和谐的生活过程中得到最高的满足感、最大的幸福感，以及最广博的成就感。我相信，世界上最伟大的事物就是爱；只有爱能够战胜仇恨，而真理能够而且必定能击败强权。不管如何表述，以上这些信条就是全世界所有善良的人——不分种族、信仰、教育、社会地位或职业——所共同坚持的原则；而且正是为了这些原则，他们中许多人正饱受煎熬或濒临死亡。只有凭借这些信条，人类才能建立起人人如手足、上帝如慈父的新世界。&/p&&p& --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&/p&&br&&u&&b&
第二篇:这篇文章是戴安娜王妃车祸去世后，他的弟弟发表的悼词，弟弟与戴安娜王妃的感情非常好，王妃逝世后他悲痛万分，写下了这篇悼词，文章的中心思想就是夸戴安娜，顺便表达一下怀念之情，这篇悼词写尽了戴安娜王妃的神态之美，举止之美，精神之美，如何把自己挚爱的女人夸出一朵花来，我们都要向他的弟弟学习一个。&/b&&br&&/u&The tribute to Diana&p&I stand before you today the representative of a family in grief, in a country in mourning before a world in shock. &/p&&p&&We are all united not only in our desire to play our respects to Diana but rather in our need to do so. For such was her extraordinary appeal that the tens of millions of people taking part in this service all over the world via television and radio who never actually met her, feet that they too lost someone close to them in the early hours of Sunday morning. It is a more remarkable tribute to Diana than I can ever hope to offer her today. &/p&&p&Diana was the very essence of compassion, of duty, of style, of beauty. All over the world she was a symbol of selfless humanity. All over the world, a standard bearer for the right of the truly downtrodden, a very British girl who transcend nationality. Someone with a natural nobility who was classless and who proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic. &/p&&p&Today is our chance to say thank you for the way you brightened our lives, even though God granted you but half a life. We will all feel cheated always that you were taken from us so young and yet we must learn to be grateful that you came along at all. Only now that you are gone do we truly appreciate what we are now without and we want you to know that life without you is very, very difficult. &/p&&p&We have all despaired at our loss over the past week and only the strength of the message you gave us through your years of giving has afforded us the strength to more forward. &/p&&p&There is a temptation to rush to canonize your memory, there is no need to do so. You stand tall enough as a human being of unique qualities not to need to be seen as a saint. Indeed to sanctify your memory would be to miss out on the very core of your being, your wonderfully mischievous sense of humor, with a laugh that bent you double. &/p&&p&Your joy for life transmitted wherever your took your smile and the sparkle in those unforgettable eyes. Your boundless energy which you could barely contain. &/p&&p&But your greatest gift was you intuition and it was a gift you used wisely. This is what underpinned all your other wonderful attributes and if we look to analyze what it was about you that had such a wide appeal we find it in your instinctive feel for what was really important in all our lives. &/p&&p&Without your God-given sensitivity we would be immerse in greater ignorance at he anguish of Aides and HIV sufferers, the plight of the homeless, the isolation of lepers, the random destruction of landmines. &/p&&p&Diana explained to me once that it was her innermost feeling of suffering that made it possible for her to connect with her constituency of the rejected. &/p&&p&And here we come to another truth about her. For all the status, the glamour, the applause, Diana remained throughout a very insecure person at heart, almost childlike in her desire to do good for others so she could release herself from deep feeling of unworthiness of which her eating disorders were merely a symptom. &/p&&p&The world sensed this part of her character and cherished her for her vulnerability whilst admiring her for her honesty. &/p&&p&The last time I saw Diana was on July 1, her birthday in London, when typically she was not taking time to celebrate her special day with friends but was guest of honor at a special charity fund-raising evening. She sparkled of course, but I would rather cherish the days I spent with her in March when she came to visit me and my children in our home in South Africa. I am proud of the fact apart from when she was on display meeting President Mandela we managed to contrive to stop the ever-present paparazzi from getting a single picture of her that meant a lot to her. &/p&&p&There were days I will always treasure. It was as if we had been transported back to our childhood when we spent such an enormous amount of time together the two youngest in the family. &/p&&p&Fundamentally she had not changed at all from the big sister who mothered me as a baby, fought with me at school and endured those long train journeys between our parents' homes with me at weekends. &/p&&p&It is a tribute to her level-headedness and strength that despite the most bizarre-like life imaginable after her childhood, she remained intact, true to herself. &/p&&p&There is no doubt that she was looking for a new direction in her life at this away from England, mainly because of the treatment that she received at the hands of the newspapers. I don't think she ever understood why her genuinely good intentions were sneered at by the media, why there appeared to be a permanent quest on their behalf to bring her down. It is baffling. &/p&&p&My own and only explanation is that genuine goodness is threatening to those at the opposite end of the moral spectrum. It is a point to those at the opposite end of the moral spectrum. It is a point to remember that of all the ironies about Diana, perhaps the greatest was this a girl given the name of the ancient goddess of hunting was, in the end, in the end, the most hunted person of the modern age. &/p&&p&She would want us today to pledge ourselves to protecting her beloved boys William and Harry from a similar fate and I do this here Diana on your behalf. We will not allow them to suffer the anguish that used regularly to drive you to tearful despair. &/p&&p&And beyond that, on behalf of your mother and sisters, I pledge that we, your blood family, will do all we can to continue the imaginative way in which you were steering these two exceptional young men so that their souls are not simply immersed by duty and tradition but can sing openly as you planned. &/p&&p&We fully respect the heritage into which they have both been born and will always respect and encourage, them in their royal role but we, like you, recognize the need for them, to experience as many different aspects of life as possible to arm them spiritually and emotionally for the years ahead. I know you would have expected nothing less from us. &/p&&p&William and Harry, we all cared desperately for you today. We are all chewed up with the sadness at the loss of a woman who was not even our mother. How great your suffering is, we cannot even imagine. &/p&&p&I would like to end by thanking God for the small mercies he has shown us at this dreadful time. For taking Diana at her most beautiful and radiant and when she had joy in her private life. About all we gibe thanks for the life of a woman I am so proud to be able to call my sister, the unique, the complex, the extraordinary and irreplaceable Diana whose beauty, both internal and external, will never be extinguished from our minds. &/p&&p&今天,我作为一个悲恸的家属代表,站在你们面前,站在一个受到震惊的世界面前,站在一个举国哀悼的国度里. &/p&&p&我们所有的人都连结在一起,不仅仅是因为我们十分想要向她表示敬意，而是因为我们需要这样做.由于她的特殊强大的吸引力,全世界几千万人,甚至没有见过她的人,今天都能够通过电视收音机参加这个葬礼,他们都感到本星期天凌晨失去了一个可亲的人.这个事实本身, 对戴安娜来说,就是比我今天希望表达的悼词要强烈和深刻得多的殊荣. &/p&&p&在全世界,戴安娜是无私和人道的象征,是同情心,责任心,风度和美丽的化身,是维护真正被践踏的权益的旗手,是一个超越国界的真正的英国女孩,是一个带有自然的高贵气质的人,是一个不分阶层的人.在最后一年里,她已经证明,她不需什么皇家头衔也可以继续发挥她那独特的神奇力量. &/p&&p&借今天这个机会,我们要向你说声谢谢,虽然上天只给了你一半的生命,但是你的榜样照亮了我们的生活.我们常感到像受骗受欺似的,你那样年轻,就离开了我们,然而我们必须学会感恩,你毕竟来过.今天,只是你走了我们才真正明白我们失去的是什么.我们要你知道,没有你的日子是多么艰难. &/p&&p&一个星期以来,我们全家都生活在痛失亲人的绝望中,惟有你多年慷慨留下的信心和力量才让我们有力量继续走下去.现在有股风潮,大家争抢对你的回忆,实在没有必要这样做.作为一个有杰出品质的人,你已经站得很高了,你没有必要被看作圣人.的确,圣化对你的回忆就是忽视你的最本质的东西.无论什么时候,你那奇妙的,带点调皮的,忍俊不禁的诙谐,你那令人难忘的微笑闪烁的眼神,总把生活的欢愉带给别人,你旺盛不竭的精力好象刚刚是你身体所能容纳的. &/p&&p&你最大的天赋是天生待人处事的贤淑,这个天赋你运用得那么聪明和恰到好处.你的其它种种的优良品性就是从这个天性衍生出来的.如果我们试着分析你怎么有这样巨大的吸引力,我们就会找到答案,答案就在于你对我们大家生命中真正重要的东西有同情心. &/p&&p&如果没有你那天赐的敏感,今天我们对艾滋病病人的痛苦,对无家可归的人的窘境,对被地雷随意杀伤的人的不幸,要冷漠得多.戴安娜有次对我说,她内心深处的痛苦使她有可能同那些被社会摈弃的人们往来.这是我们可以看到她身上的另一个事实,不管社会地位多么显赫,多么光彩照人,不管人们怎样颂扬,戴安娜内心始终是一个受损伤和没有安全感的人,她像孩子似的竭力对别人做点好事,以解脱她内心深处的压抑,她的饮食失调也是这种忧郁心情的一个病症.全世界都感受到她性格中的这个部分.人们不仅缅怀她的真诚,更缅怀 &/p&&p&她的被贬受挫的一面. &/p&&p&我最后一次见到戴安娜是今年7月1日在伦敦她的生日晚会上,那是很典型的一天,她没有时间同朋友们一起庆贺自己的这个特别的日子,只是作为贵宾出席了一个为慈善筹款的晚会.那天她是光彩夺目的,但我觉得更珍贵的是今年3月我们在一起的日子,那时她来到南非我的家中,来看我和我的孩子们.我感到骄傲的是,那次她除了同曼德拉总统见面是在公众场合外,我设法不让那些纠缠的记者拍一张照片,她对此感到舒畅. &/p&&p&我珍视少时和她在一起的日子,我现在好像又回到了从前,我俩一起生活很多年的日子,我和她是家里最小的两个孩子.她基本上同小时候我心目中的戴安娜一样,一点没有改变.在学校里打架,忍受与我一同度过往返双亲各自家中的漫长的火车旅行.她性情温存,内心坚定.在童年以后,即便身处复杂奇怪的环境,她总保持完整和自己的真实. &/p&&p&毫无疑问,她一直在找寻一个新生活方向,她不时说起要离开英国,主要是受不了报纸对她的围攻.我想她始终不明白为什么她的真诚善意会被传媒扭曲嘲弄,为什么周围总有一股永远把她拉倒的代表传媒的势力,这些确实令人难以理解. &/p&&p&我自己唯一的解释,就是真正的善与美对那些位于道德光谱另一端的人来说,是一种威胁.但是,在一切有关戴安娜的嘲讽中,也许最大的讽刺是:一个女孩子,她的名字是古代狩猎女神(Diana),自己最后却成为现代社会最受围剿的一个人.她会要我们今天誓言保护她钟爱的孩子威廉和哈里,免遭相同的命运.戴安娜,我在这里代表你起誓,我们决不会让他们遭受与你那种惯于把你逼到绝望落泪的苦难. &/p&&p&另外,我代表你母亲和两个姐姐起誓,我们,你的骨肉亲人,将尽一切能力继续走你那极富创意和深具爱心的道路,引导这两个杰出孩子,让他们的心灵不是束缚在职责的传统中,而是能如你所期盼地自由地放声歌唱. &/p&&p&我们完全尊重他们出生的传统,我们也常尊重和鼓励他们肩负王室成员的职责.但我们也像你一样,认识到他们需要在尽量多的不同的生活层面上实践,以使他们在精神和情感上得到武装,能够面对未来的挑战.我知道你一定要我们做到这一点. &/p&&p&威谦和哈里,我们全家今天竭尽全力地爱护你们,我们大家正被失去亲人的痛苦折磨,我们无法想象你们忍受的创痛是多么的剧烈.最后,我要感谢天主,在这可怕的悲痛的同时,还是给了我们许多的安慰.感谢天主,在戴安娜最美丽,最放光彩的时刻,在她最快乐的时候将他带走，最后我要感谢这个我骄傲地称之为姐姐的女性的生命，感谢独特的，难解的，非凡的，无可替代的戴安娜，她的美丽，无论
内在还是外在，都在我的心中永存。
&/p&&p&&a href=&http://www.zhihu.com/question//answer/& class=&internal&&&span class=&invisible&&http://www.&/span&&span class=&visible&&zhihu.com/question/2739&/span&&span class=&invisible&&3206/answer/&/span&&span class=&ellipsis&&&/span&&/a&&/p&
评论里有人要求增加几篇，我把Born to win 的那三十篇文章链接放在下面，有需要的可以下载. 在平时的英语阅读过程中，我偏爱文风华丽而又不失思想性的文章（颜值高还有脑子简直无敌）。文风华丽不在于甩出多少艰深晦涩的“高…
是时候把我珍藏的几篇文章拿出来了：&br&&br&&b&1. Youth
-- Samuel Vllman&/b&&br&作者塞缪尔年逾70才开始写作，笔力练达老成，这篇《青春》一经发表便不胫而走，影响了非常多人，文章非常经典，建议珍藏背诵。&br&&br&&Whether they are sixteen or seventy,there is in every being's heart the love of wonder, the sweet amazement at the stars and starlike things and thoughts,the undaunted challenge of events,the unfailing childlike appetite for what is to come next, and the joy and the game of life.&&br&&br&&b&2. Happiness Is a Journey -- Crystal Boyd&/b&&br&&br&我非常喜欢的一篇文章，文章简洁有力，朗朗上口，推荐每个人都去读一读。&br&&br&We convince ourselves that life will be better after we get married, have a baby, then another. Then we’re frustrated that the kids aren’t old enough and we’ll be more content when they are. After that, we’re frustrated that we have teenagers to deal with. We’ll certainly be happy when they’re out of that stage.&br&&br&We tell ourselves that our life will be complete when our spouse gets his or her act together, when we get a nicer car, are able to go on a nice vacation, when we retire.&br&&br&The truth is, there’s no better time to be happy than right now. If not now, when?&br&&br&Your life will always be filled with challenges. It’s best to admit this to yourself and decide to be happy anyway.&br&&br&One of my favorite quotes comes from Alfred D. Souza. He said, “For a long time it had seemed to me that life was about to begin – real life. But there was always some obstacle in the way, something to be gotten through first, some unfinished business, time still to be served, or a debt to be paid. Then life would begin. At last it dawned on me that these obstacles were my life.”&br&&br&This perspective has helped me to see that there is no way to happiness. Happiness is the way. So, treasure every moment that you have and treasure it more because you shared it with someone special, special enough to spend your time with…and remember that time waits for no one.&br&&br&&b&So, stop waiting until you finish school, until you go back to school, until you lose ten pounds, until you gain ten pounds, until you have kids, until your kids leave the house, until you start work, until you retire, until you get married, until you get divorced, until Friday night, until Sunday morning, until you get a new car or home, until your car or home is paid off, until spring, until summer, until fall, until winter, until you’re off welfare, until the first or fifteenth, until your song comes on, until you’ve had a drink, until you’ve sobered up, until you die, until you’re born again to decide that there is no better time than right now to be happy.&/b&&br&&br&Happiness is a journey, not a destination.&br&&br&网上曾流传是Alfred D'Souza 神父的作品，后来考证其真实作者是 Crystal Boyd ,链接说明: &a href=&//link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//happinessisajourney.com/& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&Happiness is a Journey&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&&br&从本文中也引申出了很多名句，比如下面这个：&br&&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/d47fd079bd6f924a77f6a971c6596616_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&728& data-rawheight=&546& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&728& data-original=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/d47fd079bd6f924a77f6a971c6596616_r.jpg&&&/figure&&br&&br&&br&&b&3. When Love Beckons To You -- Kahlil Gibran &/b&&br&纪伯伦的名篇，这篇 &b&When Love Beckons To You&/b& 出自其代表作《先知》(The Prophet)，初稿在他年仅15岁时出炉，并于1923 年直接用英文在美国出版，《先知》以一位智者临别赠言的形式，论述爱与美，生与死，婚姻与家庭等一系列的人生和社会问题，充满比喻和哲理的东方色彩。&b&When Love Beckons To You &/b&最著名的应该是这句 ：&br&&b&When love beckons to you, follow him,&/b&&br&&b&Though his ways are hard and steep.&/b&&br&&b&And when his wings enfold you yield to him,&/b&&br&&b&Though the sword hidden among his pinions may wound you.&/b&&br&&b&And when he speaks to you believe in him,&/b&&br&&b&Though his voice may shatter your dreams as the north wind lays waste the garden.&/b&&br&&br&&b&4. On Studies -- Francis Bacon&/b&&br&培根的《论读书》，字字珠玑，极富思辨色彩，下面这段话与诸君共勉：&br&&br&&b&&Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be that is, some books are to b others to be read, and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.“&/b&&br&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/7c5babf92e38ca8bc1dc805_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&850& data-rawheight=&400& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&850& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/7c5babf92e38ca8bc1dc805_r.jpg&&&/figure&&br&&b&5. Summer Sunrises on the Mississippi -- Mark Twain
&/b&&br&马克吐温的名篇《密西西比河上夏天的日出》，文章短小精悍，动词用得极其出色灵活，你们感受一下：&br&&br&I had myself called with the four o'clock watch, mornings, for &b&one cannot see too many summer sunrises on the Mississippi&/b&. They are enchanting.First, there is the
for a deep hush broods everywhere.Next, there is the haunting sense of loneliness, isolation, remoteness from the worry and bustle of the world.The dawn
the solid walls of black forest soften to gray, and vast stretches of the river open up a the water is glass-smooth, gives off spectral little wreaths of white mist, there is not the faintest breath of wind, the tranquillity is profound and infinitely satisfying. Then a bird pipes up, another follows, and soon the pipings develop into a jubilant riot of music.You s you simply move through an atmosphere of song which seems to sing itself.When the light has become a little stronger, you have one of the fairest and softest pictures imaginable. You have the intense green of the massed and cro you see it paling shade by s upon the next projecting cape, a mile off or more, the tint has lightened to the tender y the cape beyond that one has almost lost color, and the furthest one, miles away under the horizon, sleeps upon the water a mere dim vapor, and hardly separable from the sky above it and about it.And all this stretch of river is a mirror, and you have the shadowy reflections of the leafage and the curving shores and the receding capes pictured in it. Well, t soft an and when the sun gets well up, and distributes a pink flush here and a powder of gold yonder and a purple haze where it will yield the best effect, you grant that you have seen something that is worth remembering.&br&&br&&br&&b&6. The Joys of Writing -- Winston Churchill &/b&&br&丘吉尔的《写作的乐趣》，其中有一段广为流传：&br&&br&”To my mind, to be able to make your work your pleasure is the one class distinction in the worl and I do not wonder that others are inclined to envy those happy human beings who find their livelihood in the gay effusions of their fancy, to whom every hour of labour is an hour of enjoyment, to whom repose—however necessary—is a tiresome interlude. And even a holiday is almost deprivation. Whether a man writes well or ill, has much to say or little, if he cares about writing at all, he will appreciate the pleasures of composition. “&br&&br&&b&7. Blood,Toil,Tears and Sweat -- Winston L. S. Churchill&/b&&br&&br&日，由于前首相张伯伦遭到不信任质疑动议，被迫辞职。5月10日下午6时，国王召见丘吉尔，令其组阁；一小时后丘吉尔会见工党领袖艾德礼，邀请工党加入内阁并获得支持。3天后丘吉尔首次以首相身份出席下议院会议，发表了著名的讲话: &b&Blood,Toil,Tears and Sweat
&/b&&br&&br&&br& ”你们问：我们的目的是什么？我可以用一个词来答复：胜利，不惜一切代价去争取胜利，无论多么恐怖也要争取胜利，无论道路多么遥远艰难，也要争取胜利，因为没有胜利就无法生存”，“ 下议院最终以381票对0票的绝对优势表明了对丘吉尔政府的支持。 & &b&I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.&/b&& 即出自此文。&br&&br&We are in the preliminary stage of one of the greatest battles in history.... That we are in action at many points—in Norway and in Holland—, that we have to be prepared in the Mediterranean. That the air battle is continuous, and that many preparations have to be made here at home.&br&&br&I would say to the House as I said to those who have joined this government: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering.&br&&br&You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: Victory. Victory at all costs—Victory in spite of all terror—Victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival.&br&&br&全文链接：&a href=&//link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1940-the-finest-hour/blood-toil-tears-and-sweat& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&
是时候把我珍藏的几篇文章拿出来了： 1. Youth -- Samuel Vllman 作者塞缪尔年逾70才开始写作，笔力练达老成，这篇《青春》一经发表便不胫而走，影响了非常多人，文章非常经典，建议珍藏背诵。 "Whether they are sixteen or seventy,there is in every bei…
之前看到的文章，不记得是从哪里转的， 侵删。&br&&br&贴在这里，感谢原作者。&br&&br&&br&匈奴究竟输在了哪---------汉武帝伐大宛探析&br&&br&&br&太初元年(前104年)的一天，壮士车令带着纯金铸造的金马和黄金千斤踏上了西去的征途，他受当朝天子派遣，前往万里之外的大宛国求取天马----汗血马。&br&&br&汗血马，据说就是今天的“阿哈-捷金马”，它的闻名于世，并不全是它有多么高大壮猛、奔跑力强，而在于它的一个奇特之处：每当激烈的奔跑之后，它的前肩 以及臀部、背部都会出汗如血，因此汉人为它取了“汗血马”这个响亮的美称。据今人考证，这个带有浓厚神话色彩的特征，其实是一种寄生虫的分泌物。加上它喜 欢以苜蓿为食，与汉地的马种大为不同，由于这些奇异的差别，人们视之为天马，在东方人的心中产生了一种奇特的魅力。&br&&br&&br&&br&汉武帝一生冀求长生不老、升仙得道，他闲着没事，用《易经》卜了一卦，曰“神马当从西边来”。这令沉溺于祥瑞的他颇为受用。果然还真应景，不久敦煌方面来 报，说在渥洼池发现了天马！武帝龙颜大悦，有了神马，不就可以骑着它一朝升仙了吗？他深信这是“太乙神”赐给他的礼物，于是隆重的赐名“太乙天马”，连带 着献马之人暴利长（光看名字就是个生事的主）也被封官受赏。武帝在位54年，是个雄材大略的天子，王侯将相，没有谁能轻易蒙得了他，唯独方士例外。只凭方 士们几句忽悠，他可以不惜劳民伤财为神仙起楼台、造宫观；为了探访蓬莱仙境，竟真的一次次冒着鲸波之险巡游东海，乘风破浪找神仙，那份狂热，真恨不得上九 天揽月，下五洋捉鳖。结果到头来一场空。神马也是如此，那个暴利长因犯法被罚守边，出于翻盘心切，耍了个花招，跑到渥洼池边捕到一匹野马就敢吹成神马，还 真就“一马得道，鸡犬升天”。&br&&br&&br&&br&几年后，张骞从西域归来，献上乌孙国的良马，武帝一高兴，又把“太乙天马”扔到一边， 改封乌孙马为“天马”。但张骞告诉他：乌孙西边有个大宛国，出产的马更神奇，汗流如血，传说是天马在凡间的后代。于是武帝把乌孙马改名“西极”，让它靠边 凉快着，再遣使团，携带“数千巨万”的财物，前去求取大宛天马。&br&&br&&br&史载“天子好宛马，使者相望于道。诸使外国一辈大者数百，少者百馀人”&br&&br&&br&&br&但据史料分析，武帝好马不假，求仙也求得嗨，同时又是一个很有事业心的雄主。中原限于环境，马种很难与域外马抗衡。在汉匈战场上，匈奴战马“上山下阪， 出入涧溪，中国之马弗与也”，汉族人只有眼馋的份儿。匈奴骑士们“险道倾仄，且驰且射”，而“中国之骑弗与也”。且汉地很难大规模养马，虽然在全国发起过 轰轰烈烈的养马运动，但一场漠北之战打下来，便搞得“天下马少”。由于马源稀缺，马****起来比今天房价可快多了，闹到一匹普通马也得二十万钱的地步， 比一个御史大夫的年俸还多。何况当时国家钱袋子紧，“县官钱少，买马难得”。&br&&br&&br&因此，改良马种，提升战马质量成为当务之急。&br&&br&&br&然而，改良马种对正在进行的战争可谓远水不解近渴，何况大宛所在的中亚乌浒河一带，也都是优质马种的产区，像古希腊人提到过的米塞马，汉武帝却只盯着大 宛一家求马。更奇怪的是，史书上明明记载武帝已多次获得大宛的天马，为什么还要没完没了的继续向大宛征求呢？看来，求马的背后必隐藏着更深的玄机。&br&&br&&br&&br&&br&众所周知，汉通西域是为了联合月氏一起夹攻匈奴，这一目标落空了，月氏人对他们的新家园很满足，不愿再回去算旧帐。但武帝的战略却没有错，西域 -----如果开发得好，将是反匈战争的第二战场。当然，如果开发得不好，将反而成为匈奴反汉的第二战场。而且，在这方面匈奴早就走先行一步：西域“故皆 役属匈奴”。幸运的是，西域比起富庶文明的汉朝来，贫穷落后得多，这对一味追求高附加值的战争收益的匈奴人来说，提不起多大胃口，长年仅满足于收收保护 费，把机会让给了汉人。的确，西域大多国力弱小，大国常仅两三万人口，小国只有一两千甚至三位数的人口，只从表面上看，西域不论倒向哪一方也不能为后者增 加多大权重。所以，连汉朝士大夫们也觉得没有开拓的必要，所谓“与汉隔绝，道里又远，得之不为益，弃之不为损”。&br&&br&&br&&br&但 汉武帝却从一开始就不惜代价的进行金元外交，每年派出多批使团，前后几千人，每个使团都带着“金币帛直数千巨万”走访各国，远的遍及伊朗、叙利亚、印度， 到处送礼。对来华的西域使者、商队，也无不“散财帛以赏赐，厚具以饶给之，以览示汉富厚焉” 。就是去东海巡视也不忘带上这些西域客人，专走人烟稠密的地方，四处兜风耍宝，沿途“行赏赐，酒池肉林”，“令外国客遍观仓库府藏之积，见汉之广大，倾骇 之”。不顾国力虚耗的现状，一路到处乱撒钱，民怨沸腾。刘彻的疯狂举动，古今JY都免不了敲怪话，骂他拿着民脂民膏给自己搞形象工程。何况中外历史早已证 明，但凡用金钱铺路的外交，是交不到几个真正朋友的。这话看起来有道理，但事后算帐却发现：武帝其实从不在外国人身上乱花一分钱。所谓“非常之人，然后有 非常之事”，那时中国大概只有他一个人清楚：仅凭汉朝一国之力与匈奴单打独斗，是不策略的。&br&&br&&br&&br&&br&农耕文明因其作战方式的特殊性，战争成本过于高昂，国家很容易被军费给压垮。而对手是落后的游牧民族，飘忽不定，就是逮住了也榨不出什么油。若能找到月氏一类游牧民族做帮手，一来可以压缩匈奴人的机动空间，二来事半功倍。&br&&br&&br&&br&武帝如此热衷于西域事业，还与一个意外收获有关，那就是发现了乌孙。乌孙本与月氏同游牧于祁连山一带，因与月氏结仇而投奔了匈奴，后来力量强了，就西迁 到伊犁河流域一带，从此“中立，不肯朝匈奴”。乌孙人也是骁勇善战的马背民族，周边都得让它三分。因此，武帝结交西域的重点，就是“欲与乌孙共击胡”。但 乌孙与匈奴并无仇怨，怎会平白为遥远的汉朝去挑战强大的匈奴？但武帝的外交手腕却很老道，他也知道这一点，所以就经常派人出访乌孙， 制造出汉与乌孙关系亲密的外交假象，挑动匈奴人对乌孙的怀疑。与其同时，汉朝也在争取乌孙周边的邻国，使乌孙在西域外交圈子中空前孤立，产生压力感。西域 各国“虽属匈奴，不相亲附”，在雨量的糖衣炮弹下，天平渐渐向汉朝倾斜。各国纷纷派代表慕名而来，不远万里来参观这个东方大邦。不仅安息、身毒等大国，像 “宛西小国驩潜、大益，宛东姑师、扞鰛、苏薤之属”，也“皆随汉使献见天子”。局面打开了。&br&&br&&br&&br&汉朝的使者则“出其南， 抵大宛、大月氏相属”，乌孙终于被触动，“乃恐，使使献马，原得尚汉女翁主为昆弟”。武帝抓住机会，从宗室中挑选了一位叫刘细君的公主远嫁乌孙。举办了一 场气派的皇室婚礼，随嫁过去的各类人员就有数百人，并且“赠送甚盛”。然而，包括武帝在内的所有人都上了乌孙老王的当，这个狐狸其实另有一副算盘：自己年 事已高，说蹬腿就蹬腿，而几个儿子他都不满意，只满意自己的宠孙。因此，刘细君嫁过去没多久，老王就逼细君改嫁其孙为妻。这对汉朝皇室的尊严是一种严重侮 辱------连汉公主下嫁匈奴都倍感耻辱，乌孙怎敢如此无礼？！出人意料的是，武帝却对乌孙一副极好的脾气，真的令刘细君“从其国俗”。细君含愤受辱， 终于郁郁而死，武帝又立马找了楚王之女解忧公主顶班，远嫁乌孙。然而，乌孙在与汉朝关系前进了一步之后，反倒更加谨慎。毕竟，汉朝远在天边，仅凭联姻 -----这种裤裆里的关系，还不足以让乌孙豁出身家性命和匈奴干仗的。所以乌孙这边以汉公主为右夫人，那边又立马娶了匈奴公主为左夫人，左拥右抱不亦乐 乎，还坚持了等距外交。&br&&br&&br&对此，心气甚高的武帝也无可奈何，只好将工作重点再次转向乌孙周边，先争取他们的臣服。而大宛，就成为攻略的重中之重。这，才是汉武帝没完没了的求取大宛天马的真正用意-------大宛不烦，武帝还不干呢！&br&&br&大宛，地处今乌兹别克费尔干纳盆地，位于乌孙西南方，康居（哈萨克南部）的东南面，西通安息（伊朗）、条支（叙利亚），南通大夏（阿富汗）、印度。恰好处 在中国通往西方的十字路口上，因而工商业繁荣，且境内气候宜人、河道纵横、土壤肥沃，物产丰富，是一个颇有影响力的文明国家。&br&&br&&br&汗血天马是大宛的国宝，具有着非同一般的像征意义。将宛人的国宝纳入汉王朝指定专用品，等于形式上承认了汉朝的宗主权地位，这对扩大汉朝在周边影响、争 取乌孙非常有利。 何况大宛是个“善贾市”的国家，对物质利益锱珠必较，又“贵汉财物”。只要不惜重金，大宛必甘心就范。&br&&br&&br&&br&起初也确实如此，然而，随着汉人对天马无休止的索取，事态开始变化，渐渐发展到不管汉人出多高的价，宛人“有善马在贰师城，匿不肯与汉使”，原本颇为热 情的大宛人，逐渐对汉朝冷淡下来。让人不解的是，整个西域世界对汉的态度，也都变得冷漠起来，甚至刁难、虐待汉使的事件开始层出不穷。尽管西域客人在汉朝 备受优待，但汉使来到西域，却得不到做为客人应有的尊重与款待。衣食住行，样样都得自己掏腰包，日子久了，就不免闹出“拥强汉之节，馁山谷之间，乞食无所 得”的惨事。后来发展到汉人使团去西域一个来回，常要饿死一半的人，甚至遭到一些国家明火执仗的袭击。反倒是与西域原本“不相亲附”的匈奴人，他们的使者 来访，只需“持单于一信，则国国传送食，不敢留苦”，招待得非常周道。&br&&br&&br&为什么中国净碰上这种热脸贴上冷屁股的事儿呢？&br&&br&&br&其实原因很简单，用今天一句话形容，就是-----真理在大炮射程以内。从地理方位上看，匈奴近，汉朝远。匈奴骑兵就像匈奴的拳头一样，强大、有力、迅 速，且近在咫尺。汉朝的拳头也粗，却够不着他们。所以汉朝只能尽量向西域展示它的软实力，但西域国家却不怕汉朝。即便如此，在交往礼节上，汉朝却不肯放下 它那***上国的架子。汉使一到，外国的国王、首领是被要求跪拜的，张骞在乌孙就是这么干的，两国初次交往，见面礼还没拿出来，就让人家的老王（即昆弥） 拜在自己脚下。这就难免招人反感，大伙自动与汉疏远。&br&&br&&br&另一方面，汉朝雄厚的物质实力带给西域的好处有限。西域原本“贵汉财 物”，但汉、西交往未久，就出现了各国“益厌汉币，不贵其物” 的怪现像；大宛也因国内“饶汉物”，不稀罕汉朝的重金。这主要是西域各国尚未享受到丝路贸易的好处。毕竟，在中东与西亚还陷于混战状态，安息、罗马尚未形 成统一疆域之时，欧亚也就形不成稳定的需求市场。没有贸易带来的物质流通，也就严重限制了西域各国的受益空间，无从消化汉朝的财物，因此才会出现人家嫌我 们送钱送多了的怪事。直到公元一世纪，罗马与安息有了稳定的势力范围之后，丝路才繁荣起来，所以这就是为什么“驰命走驿，不绝于时日；商胡贩客，日款于塞 下”的盛况发生在东汉而不是西汉的缘故。&br&&br&&br&&br&第三，汉武帝忽视了使者的素质。古代中国是内向型的农业国家，有身份、地位 的人对出使外域没有兴趣。愿意出使的，多是无赖、市贾、喜欢浮夸奇谈之辈。而且出国可以合法的携带大量财物，又远离本土，自然方便他们私吞、贱卖。这就决 定了泱泱大国的使者，素质低下。在手法上，他们学着张仪苏秦那帮人的一套，对西域各国“言轻重”，威逼利诱的让他们倒向汉朝。而且一批走了，一批又来，一 年十几拔，整得跟传销员似的，换了谁也会烦。大汉的国际形像自然大打折扣。&br&&br&&br&&br&何况西域国小物贫，甚至连铁制农具都不会 制造，粮食不足。所以汉使越多越招人烦，没个好脸色也就在所难免。其中楼兰、姑师两国最不堪其扰，仗着匈奴撑腰，“攻劫汉使尤甚”。可惜这两国离汉朝最 近，遭到了武帝的报复，元封元年（前110年），汉军以700骑兵就逮捕了楼兰国王，姑师也被迫投降。两盘小菜下了肚，汉武帝认为大宛应该害怕了，趁热打 铁，令人用黄金铸造了一座金马。这匹金马可能出自上林苑皇家工匠之手，制形精美，体现了中原精湛的工艺。汉武帝也许想以此表达泱泱大国的诚意，打动大宛 人。&br&值得玩味的是，武帝特意选派了一位名叫车令的壮士担任特使。&br&&br&万里去求人家的马，首先讲的是和气与诚意，就算人家不乐意，也应该好言相劝、以诚动人。可是，此番偏偏派了喜欢意气用事、重义轻死的壮士出马，看来用意已非同寻常。或许在武帝看来，金马即便买不来大宛的天马，但买一个出师的由头却足够了。&br&&br&&br&战争前奏------汉朝的希腊化敌人大宛&br&&br&大宛，距长安一万二千五百汉里之遥。&br&&br&&br&对于大宛的过去，国外一直语焉不详，记载模糊不清，正如美国著名中亚史专家麦高文所说:“古代的波斯记载和希腊史家都忽略了他们”。如果不是一位叫张骞的中国人从亚洲的另一端找到这里，今天的世界甚至不知道这个古国究竟是个什么样子。&br&&br&&br&与游牧民族不同，大宛具有成熟的城市文明，是张骞出国之后见到的第一个文明世界。大宛“土著，耕田，田稻麦。有蒲陶酒、多善马”，“颇与中国同业”，令 张骞倍感亲切。不算大的盆地中，密布着七十多座大大小小的城市，生活着30万以上的居民，并保持着一支6万士兵的军队。这在国小民稀的西域世界，简直是一 个超级大国。人口的数量和稠密度，就是西汉国内许多大的郡国也比不上的。想必武帝远征前的大宛人口数量还会更多。&br&&br&&br&&br&&br&有趣的是，斯塔里夫斯在《全球通史》中就曾说过，大宛是一个希腊化国家，这一点，在格鲁塞的《草原帝国》中得到了证实，即当时的大宛，确实被大夏的希腊 人统治着。这不禁让人回忆起电视剧《汉武大帝》里的情景，以及小时候看过的连环画里边，大宛的士兵们都是一副希腊或罗马士兵的装束。于是更加引起连翩浮 想，这个大宛是否真的是希腊文明留在东方的乐园呢？&br&&br&&br&&br&据民国学者吕思勉的说法，学术界很早就认为“古时希腊之民，移殖 里海之北者，彼国称为耶而宛，lonian，即Yavanas 之转音。即中国所谓大宛。葡萄、苜蓿，亦希腊语之译音云。”今天仍有学者认为，大宛名称上的“宛”可能是从巴利语的“耶婆那”（Yavana）转译而来。 “耶婆那”是当时中亚居民对希腊人的泛称，从爱奥尼亚人（Ionians）转译而来，故此，“大宛”在字义上很可能是“大伊奥尼亚”。这个说法，个人持保 留意见。西域还有个小宛国，如果大宛就是大伊奥尼亚，难道小宛就是指“小伊奥尼亚”？再说没有任何证据表明小宛有什么希腊背景。&br&&br&&br&&br&吕思勉又根据大宛“其人皆深目高鼻，多须髯”的特点，认为这是大宛人乃欧洲人种的证明。尤其是他们“善市贾，争分铢之利。贵女子。女子所言，丈夫乃决正。”的特点，让吕先生深信不疑，认定“可以知其种族矣”。&br&&br&&br&然而，恰是大宛人“贵女子”这一点却与古希腊的文明特征对不上号。古希腊社会尽管崇尚真理与自由，但妇女的地位还不如汉代女性，连个门也不能随便出的， 家庭地位近似于丈夫的财产。以开明著称的伯里克利也认为，希腊女人“不出现在公共场所，永远不为男人所讨论，这就是女人最大的美德”。即使在妇女权益提高 的希腊化时代，她们的地位也无法望大宛女人之项背。&br&&br&&br&不仅如此，《史记》里的大宛人竟然不会打井、不会制作铁器、不会铸币。而拿古希腊一比较，铁器在希腊本土是广泛使用的，而且货币经济非常发达，涌现出成熟的金融业与一批著名的银行家。如果《史记》记载属实，那么大宛就不可能与古希腊有什么关系。&br&&br&&br&&br&&br&但是，大宛又确曾被希腊人征服过。公元前四世纪，亚历山大的军队像旋风一样从爱琴海席卷亚洲大陆，一直打到了大宛家门口不远的锡尔河流域。亚历山大跑到 亚洲可不是来打酱油的，他要建立的是一个永久性的马其顿---亚洲帝国，而亚历山大的另一伟大之处就在于他毫不逊色于东方帝王的统治术。灿烂的希腊文明， 就是他征服亚洲的怀柔工具。应该说，在几代人的努力之下，亚历山大的企图部份的实现了,大宛成为亚洲众多的希腊文化殖民地之一。&br&&br&使希 腊文明在亚洲得以生根的，是希腊人的移民潮。随着古希腊黄金时代的落幕，本土经济日趋萧条，希腊各阶层无不渴望着去遥远而富庶的东方寻找新的生活。因此， 汹涌壮观的移民潮跟随在亚历山大东征军的背后，带着形形色色的梦想涌入了亚洲，其中以商人、学者、手艺人和农民最多，进而蔓延到整个中亚。希腊人在陌生的 亚洲土地上到处建立起希腊式的城市，推广希腊城邦式的生活方式。设立公民大会、陪审团、法庭、议事会。建起了体育馆、艺术学校、神殿、剧院等希腊文明所独 有的公共文化设施。为了加速文明的征服速度，他们还广泛开办语言学校，大量招收东方学生，并与当地上层联姻、学习东方礼仪，实行一系列融合政策。&br&&br&&br&&br&这种罕见的文化东扩运动，使得两河流域、伊朗高原、南亚的印度、中亚一系列塞种人地区，到处留下了希腊人的移民城市、文化中心和商业市镇。不管安息、各 塞种人王国的主体是哪个民族、统治者是谁，无不深深被希腊文明所折服，上流社会陶醉于希腊文学艺术，以说希腊语为时尚，就连从祁连山跑过去的大月氏人后来 都被希腊化了。因此从西亚到中亚，“国虽颇异言，然大同俗，相知言”，形成了一种特色鲜明的，以希腊文化占主体的亚欧混种文化。亚历山大帝国解体后，留在 中亚、南亚的希腊人先后脱离了马其顿体系，建立起许多君主制王国或自治的城邦，这些可爱的独立王国又是传播希腊文化的岛屿，像璀灿的明珍珠星星点点的散布 在广袤的亚细亚腹地。&br&&br&&br&&br&&br&其中又以建都在阿富汗北部的大夏最为强大和繁荣，这里“地肥饶”，物产丰富，故而希腊 移民众多,号称“千城之国”。汉朝远征大宛前的一个多世纪，是大夏最强盛的时候，他们向南用兵一度占领了几乎半个印度，还创造出充满魅力的希、印文明混种 的犍陀罗佛教文化。连孔雀帝国的首都华氏城也曾匍匐在大夏军队的脚下。向东则吞并了整个锡尔河流域，大宛就此纳入希腊化的版图。做为古希腊文明在东方的前 哨，大夏人坚持不懈的推行西方文化。其中最主要的工作是城市兴建运动，罗素曾说过“希腊的文明本质上是城市的”。据考古发现，两个世纪之间希腊人一共在东 方兴建了300多座城市。很难相信，司马迁笔下繁荣众多的大宛城市不是这种运动的产物。近来距中国不远的阿富汗北部发掘出一座名叫科姆市的遗址，各种希腊 式建筑、场所一应俱全。尤其惊人的，是发掘出的希腊文雕刻的铭文，竟是从四千英里之外的希腊圣地-----德尔斐祭坛上摹刻下来的。处在东亚边缘的城市尚 保持着如此强烈的希腊文明的元素，可想而知，大宛又岂能“独善其身”呢&br&&br&&br&在汉人的史书中，大宛与大夏、安息这些希腊化国家是那么的相像，简直如同孪生一般：&br&&br&&br&“大宛。。。。。土地风气物类民俗与大月氏、安息同。”&br&“大宛及大夏、安息之属皆大国，多奇物，土著”&br&&br&&br&大宛“其俗土著，耕田，田稻麦。有蒲陶酒。多善马”&br&大夏“其俗土著，耕田，田稻麦，蒲陶酒”&br&安息“其俗土著，耕田，田稻麦，蒲陶酒”&br&&br&&br&“自大宛以西至安息。。。。善市贾，争分铢”&br&“宛左右以蒲陶为酒，富人藏酒至万馀石，久者数十岁不败。”&br&&br&&br&&br&&br&大宛“有城郭屋室。其属大小七十余城”，&br&大夏则“有城屋，与大宛同俗。无大君长，往往城邑置小长”&br&大宛西边的安息，也是“城邑如大宛。其属大小数百城”&br&&br&&br&大宛人口众多，“其众可数十万”，&br&大夏“民多，可百余万”。&br&安息“人民相属甚多”&br&&br&&br&相似的民俗与物产、众多的城市与繁盛的人口、重商的习俗以及对葡萄酒的酷爱。。。。。。无不集中现着鲜明的古希腊文明特征，若说这些都只是巧合的话。那 为什么大宛附近的花剌子模因很少被希腊人涉足，就完全是一幅另类的样子呢？从史书上看，还能发现即使大夏被月氏人征服后，大宛与大夏之间仍像是被一种特殊 的感情纽带在联结着。不然，汉武帝何以认为“宛小国而不能下，则大夏之属轻汉”呢？&br&&br&&br&&br&&br&值得注意的是，大宛下属 的城市享有类于希腊、罗马那样的城市自治权。像东边的郁成，从它与汉朝的一系列交恶来看，它虽听命于大宛中央政府，但拥有自己独立的领土与军队。这与大夏 “无大君长，往往城邑置小长”的特点颇为类似。而且大宛的政治结构与汉不同，他们搞的是虚君制。这与西方颇为相像，贵族们拥有比国王更大的发言权。此次汉 宛战争是如此，重大决策、战争、谈判、甚至国王废立都由贵人们主谋，只有希腊城邦的元老院才有这样的左右力。难怪有学者提出，连大宛国王“毋寡”之名，都 是源自于希腊钱币铭文中对国王的赞词“МЕГАΣ”(Megas，伟大的)的音译。这也符合亚洲希腊化国家的特征，在国中，希腊人凌驾于一切本地人民之 上。他们做为国家的支柱，享有最优良的土地和资源，垄断着上层权力，就连普通的希腊平民也享有各种特权。而东方上层虽拥有全权公民的待遇，但只能担任中下 级官吏。大宛有可能是这样一个国家结构。&br&&br&&br&&br&经过这些比较之后，再回到大宛不会铸币、制作铁器、打井的疑问原点，似乎就值得重新审视了。《史记》原文是：“ 自大宛以西至安息。。。。。不知铸钱器，及汉使亡卒降，教铸作他兵器。得汉黄白金，辄以为器，不用为币”&br&“宛王城中无井，皆汲城外流水”。&br&&br&&br&首先，大宛不可能不知道铸钱，《史记》曾说周边的安息“以银为钱，钱如其王面”，这是典型的希腊式货币。而大夏更拥有规模庞大的造币厂，后来考古发掘出的大夏造希腊钱币竟超过其他存世的古希腊钱币的总和。而大宛深受大夏统治和同化，岂会不知铸币？&br&&br&&br&&br&而所谓“得汉黄白金，辄以为器，不用为币”，也不足为证。当时汉朝国内大量流通黄金白金，因流量过剩，白金甚至失去使用价值，成了废币。而在经济相对落 后的中亚市场上，汉地的黄、白金的币面价值肯定低于其币材价值，因此销融后加工成金器银器，利润将翻数倍。中国唐宋时期民间就普遍这么干过，头脑精明的大 宛人又岂会想不到这一点？&br&&br&&br&&br&因此，班固在《汉书》中对《史记》做了修正，将“不知铸钱器”的“钱”字换成了“铁”字。 而大宛也不可能“不知铸铁器”，毕竟铁制的兵器与农具早在很久前就在波斯等附近地区使用。这里的“铁”，应该指的是钢。炼钢术是当时中国独有的技术，罗马 的博学家们对中国的钢制品赞叹不已。至于大宛不会打井，则可能和中、西亚发达的灌溉农业传统有关，对水井依赖度较小。大宛城外河流纵横，水直接引入城里， 取用方便，也就不怎么费那个力气去打井了。后来李广利围大宛四十余天，也没见大宛人被渴死，这说明大宛人自有他们的解决办法。因此，大宛至少是是一个以当 地的塞种人为居民主体，以希腊贵族与移民为社会上层的希腊化国家。&br&&br&&br&&br&这是个很让人产生兴趣的结论，这意味着我们的老祖宗，原来早在两千年前就与西方文明有了直接交道，并且在政治、经济到军事的各层面展开了面对面的较量。&br&&br&&br&战争前奏------在命运的起跑线上&br&&br&&br&当今天的我们只能从遗迹和文物中去寻访古希腊文明时，汉使们却是有幸最早接触希腊 文明的中国人。他们横跨万里,深入大夏、条枝、黎轩这些泛希腊世界，进行旅行和访问。中国人第一次看到了用希腊式的大理石建筑起来的神殿、体育馆、戏剧 院，瞻仰了高耸的雅典娜或宙斯等诸神的雕像。这些杰作在样式上比雅典、底比斯的作品甚至更壮丽和华美。&br&&br&我们甚至可以进一步想像，汉使 们-----这些很可能同时又是卫青的门客、司马迁的朋友或者张骞的同乡们，将从陈列着人体雕像的大街上穿过，徜徉于树立着伊奥尼亚式立柱建筑的广场，徘 徊在那时最流行的斯多噶式柱廊的长方形市政厅，或身为上流社会宴会的坐上宾，光临豪华的希腊式装修的贵族豪宅。在装点着希腊式绘画、铺着波斯地毯，陈列着 爱琴海世界的宝藏的客厅里，与操希腊语的主人们会见、交流，互赠礼物。一同在伴有竖琴演奏与歌舞表演的宴会上用银制的餐具共进晚餐。&br&&br&&br&&br&他们或许还在叙利亚和小亚的城邦中观摩过希腊式的公民大会和投票表决。广场上挤满叽叽喳喳的公民们为国家的大事小情争吵着。不知我们的祖先在与希腊人的交流中，是否会感受到西方式的热忱与理智，而且与东方人相比，发现这些金发碧眼的人们在精神上不那么卑弱。&br&&br&&br&只是体育馆他们是去不了的，那是只有希腊人才能享有的特权。何况体育场里的裸体煅炼，肯定会让东方客人们感到难堪。&br&&br&&br&&br&&br&&br&如有余兴，甚至可以造访图书馆，亲手翻阅亚里士多德或赫}